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Celadon Ceramics

Beautiful and timeless celadon ceramic, a GI (Geographical Indication) product is sourced from Chiang Mai in northern Thailand, where it is being produced since the 10th century. Celadon ceramic is also known by the term ‘Sawankhalok’ in Thailand, especially when referring to the jade green glazed stoneware produced in the Sukhothai kingdom.

The ceramic is glazed with the ash of laurel wood combined with surface soil from rice paddies with high iron content and fired to produce its signature green colour. For a beautiful glassy finish, several layers of glaze are applied which causes the crazing effect or crackled appearance in the glaze, a distinctive and desirable feature of celadon products.

The glaze to produce the ‘green stone’ or ‘greenware’ as celadon is also called, is applied before a second high temperature firing at 1260 degrees Celcius in a reducing atmosphere.

The unique green or gray glaze is a result of transformation of iron oxide from ferric to ferrous oxide during the firing process. Reducing kilns deprive the kiln of free oxygen which creates chemical changes in the iron oxide to produce the desired colours. Though jade green is the preferred colour, celadon is also produced in glazes of brown and subtle tints of blue, the colour of the glaze depending on the chemical composition of the glazing material used. Carved decorations allow the glaze to pool in the depressions, giving a much deeper colour to accentuate the design. Sometimes parts are left unglazed for a particular design.

The process of celadon making  is highly labour intensive and  involves several stages:

Step 1: Soil preparation

Dried black clay is ground in a grinder and sieved to achieve fine particular size

Step 2: Soil washing

The sieved clay is soaked in clean water and agitated through a stirrer to remove impurities such as leaves, tree roots, gravel, scrap, etc., and then filtered through a compaction plate with a press machine.

Step 3: Clay drying

The wet clay is left in a well-ventilated place to air dry.

Step 4: Clay kneading

The clay is processed with a kneading machine to remove air bubbles to obtain a homogenous tough clay which is convenient for forming.

Step 5: Forming celadon

  1. Forming by slip casting in a mould
  2. Forming by jiggering, suitable for round work pieces
  3. Forming by wheel throwing technique

Step 6: Workpiece drying

The formed pieces are air-dried and polished.

Step 7: Workpiece decoration

Depending on product design, pieces are carved and decorated.

Step 8: Biscuit firing

Completely dried workpieces are fired in a kiln at a temperature of 800 degrees Celcius for 6 to 8 hours to remove their moisture content and organic substances. This firing makes the workpieces (called biscuits) strong.

Step 9: Under glaze decoration

The patterns are decorated and colour painted as per design.

Step 10: Glazing

The biscuits are glazed by dipping method. Glaze compositions consist of black clay and wood ashes.

Step 11:  Glost firing

Glost firing melts the glaze on the biscuits and creates a vitreous surface. Firing is done for 10 to 12 hours at temperatures of 1250 to 1300 degrees Celcius. Crazing of the surface occurs during the firing.

Step 12: Product Quality Inspection

Quality inspection is done to check whether the products have achieved the desired standards according to the specified criteria.

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